High altitude areas of Tajikistan consider to be the largest territories of the Central Asia glaciation. Glaciers supposed to be indicators of the climate change, and the earth surface warm balance greatly impacts on the glaciers’ state, mass/volume and condition. Glaciers are regarded as main sources of the water resources formation in Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan; the total share of the melted glacier water in the river flow composes 30%, and more than 50% in vegetation period. There are about 50 pulsatory glaciers on the republic’s territory, which, undoubtedly, during the intensive activity brisk, greatly affect the stability of the national economy and population. The greater part of the snow-glacial resources of the country is formed in the high altitude zone (renewable fresh water key resource), therefore, the glaciers’ observations in the republic considered a priority.

Constant and continuous observations over the glaciers were launched in the end of the 1950-s (XX century) when the Programme of the International Geophysical Year (IGY) started. Within this period the complex expeditionary works were implemented and observations over the Fedchenko Glacier (Pamir), Hissar-Alay and others conducted. Expedition and observation materials served the basis for the Tajikistan’s glaciers catalogue and made the significant progress in identification of the Medvejiy Glacier’s ice shearing prediction.

Expeditionary hydrographical researches of the certain regions cover the study of the specific hydrological phenomena and processes, glaciers’ conditions, snow mass distribution, mapping of the avalanches and potentially hazardous glacial lakes, prediction of the mudflows and flood, and other hydrographical and itinerary glaciers’ works and observation expeditions.

First observations over the surface water quality in the republic were launched in 1938-1940. Since 1990 state service of environmental protection and observation started its observations and study over the surface water pollution at 46 rivers, at that, testing quality of water at 65 observation areas and 85 sampling points (including 6 lakes and 1 water reservoir). However, within 1994-1997 due to difficulties caused by civil war, observations over the surface water pollution were ceased; and chemical analysis identifying 17 portions of polluters (including physical parameters) were conducted in the laboratory conditions only. Starting from 1998 observations at 24 sampling areas of 15 rivers resumed. In 2000 observations over the surface water quality were conducted in 5 river basins, 22 rivers, 1 lake and 40 sampling points. At that, 22 polluters (including physical parameters) were identified. In 2001 quality of surface water quality was analyzed in 4 river basins (rivers Vakhsh, Kafirnighan, Zeravshan, Syr-Darya, Karatag), 21 rivers and 1 lake (at 39 sampling points). At that, 39 polluters (including physical parameters) occurred as specific features of water resources of Tajikistan. Therefore, practically every year observation network over the surface water quality is being dramatically reduced, and the tendency of polluting risks turned concerning.